Citations & Sources

1. Sea Level Rise Details of state projections can be found in MA Climate Change Projections, March 2018 (https://resilientma.org/resources/resource::2152/massachusetts-climate-change-projections-statewide-and-for-major-drainage-basins) The ‘high’ rate of SLR is what is used in our flood risk analyses using MC-FRM (Massachusetts Coast Flood Risk Model) as recommended by the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM), MassDOT, and UMass-Boston. Assumed sea level rise is 1.29 feet in 2030, 2.49 feet in 2050, and 4.29 feet in 2070.

2. Marsh and coastal habitat changes were provided by Woods Hole Group and derived from CZM’s Massachusetts Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) project. The sea level rise scenario from which SLAMM results are presented is 7.1 feet of rise from 2011-2100. Details on the SLAMM model can be found at: https://www.mass.gov/service-details/report-on-modeling-the-effects-of-sea-level-rise-on-coastal-wetlands..

3. Impact to buildings and roads from storm flooding. Details on the Flood Risk Models, both the Boston Harbor Flood Risk Model (BH-FRM) and the Massachusetts Coast Flood Risk Model (MC- FRM), which was used for this study, can be found at Bosma, K., E. Douglas, P. Kirshen, K. McArthur, S. Miller, and C. Watson. (2015), MassDOT-FWHA Pilot Project Report: Climate Change and Extreme Weather Vulnerability Assessments and Adaptation Options for the Central Artery. Report to MassDOT and FWHA, and for MC-FRM at Bosma, K., E. Douglas, P. Kirshen, K. McArthur, S. Miller, and C. Watson. (2020). Assessing the vulnerability of MassDOT’s coastal transportation systems to future sea level rise and coastal storms, and developing conceptual adaptation strategies. In publication.

4. Shoreline Characterization Layers from CZM were sourced from the Massachusetts Ocean Resources Information System (MORIS) at https://www.mass.gov/service-details/massachusetts-ocean-resource-information-system-moris and the Report of the Massachusetts Coastal Erosion Commission, Volume 1: Findings and Recommendations, and Volume 2: Working Group Reports, 2015. https://www.mass.gov/service-details/massachusetts-coastal-erosion-commission.

5. Beach erosion rates from Shoreline Characterization and Change Analyses North Shore Region Regional Coastal Erosion Commission Workshop Gloucester - May 28, 2014. Data sources included the 2011 USGS-CZM Shoreline Change Project’s contemporary shore- line (MHHW) and transect data, CZM and DCR’s Coastal Structures Inventory data, MassDEP’s Wetlands map data, and MassGIS’s 2005 Land Use data. Long and short term erosion rates in the impact matrix using data through 2014 were derived from DRAFT Massachusetts Coastal Erosion Viewer, found at https://mass-eo-eea.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=80fc0c7ef5e443a8a5bc58096d2b3dc0

6. Costs to repair seawalls and other structures from Inventories of Seawalls and Other Coastal Structures, developed for the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM) and the Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) 2006-2015, multiple reports. See https://www.mass.gov/service-details/inventories-of-seawalls-and-other-coastal-structures

7. River herring counts from MA Division of Fisheries and Wildlife; Ben Gahagan, Diadromous Fish Biologist (email communication, January 29, 2020).

8. Tidal restrictions from Tidal Restrictions, Version 3.0, North Atlantic U.S. Coast, McGarigal K, Compton BW, Plunkett EB, Deluca WV, and Grand J. 2017. Designing sustainable landscapes. Report to the North Atlantic Conservation Cooperative, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region: http://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5bd89a1fe4b0b3fc5cea20bb

9. Woods Hole Group, Inc. analysis of MassGIS Data: NHESP Priority Habitats of Rare Species (April 2017)

10. Woods Hole Group, Inc. analysis MassGIS Data: MassDEP Wetlands Original (1:12,000), (2009)

11. "2019 Massachusetts Beach Testing Results: Annual Report.” Environmental Toxicology Program, Bureau of Environmental Health, Massachusetts Department of Public Health. https://www.mass.gov/doc/2019-annual-beach-report/download

12. SHARP 2015. “Specialist-bird survey database: 1994-2012.” Saltmarsh Habitat and Avian Research Program. https://www.tidalmarshbirds.org

13. Woods Hole Group, Inc. analysis of MassGIS Data: Protected and Recreational OpenSpace
(February 2020).

14. Cronin, M. (2019, September 16). "Rockport: Long Beach seawall stabilization enters second phase." gloucestertimes.com

15. Peter Phippen, Coastal Coordinator for Merrimack Valley Planning Commission and the MassBays Estuary Program (email communication, March 31, 2020).